13.1 Understand what is to be covered in Phase 2
13.2 Learn the pros and cons of FORTRAN and C
13.3 Borland Turbo C environment
13.4 Learn how to use the Turbo C editor and Menu
308--208 PHASE 2
Some of the statements in various highlevel
languages are illustrated in the following table. Each section
of code represents the calculation of an employee's salary.
Examples of HighLevel Languages
LANGUAGE EXAMPLE STATEMENTS
Pascal:
FORTRAN 90:
Turbo C :
if hours <= 40.0 then
salary := hours*payrate
else
salary := 40.0*payrate +
(hours 40.0)*payrate*1.5;
if (hours <= 40.0) then
salary = hours*payrte
else
salary = 40.0*payrte + (hours 40.0)*payrte*1.5
endif
Ada:
if hours <= 40.0 then
salary := hours*payrate;
else
salary := 40.0*payrate + (hours 40.0)*payrate*1.5;
BASIC:
if h > 40.0 then 200
let s = h*p
go to 250
200 let s = 40.0*p + (h 40.0)*p*1.5
250
COBOL:
if hours is less than 40.0 or hours is equal to 40.0,
compute salary = hours*payrate
else
compute salary = 40.0*payrate + (hours 40.0)*payrate*1.5
PL/I:
if hours <= 40.0 then
salary = hours*payrate;
else
salary = 40.0*payrate + (hours 40.0)*payrate*1.5;
ADVANTAGES OF C
DISADVANTAGES OF C
TURBO C COMPILER :
Hot Key | Menu Equivalent Function |
F1 | Help Displays a Help screen |
F2 | File/Save Saves active edit or file |
F3 | File/Open Opens file |
F4 | Run/Go to cursor Executes to cursor location |
F5 | Window/Zoom Zooms the active window |
F6 | Window/Next Cycles through open windows |
F7 | Run/Trace into Traces into subroutines |
F8 | Run/Step over Steps over subroutine calls |
F10 | Activates the menu bar |
ALT-F1 | Help/Previous topic Displays previous Help screen |
ALT-F3 | Window/Close Closes active window |
ALT-F5 | Window/User screen Displays User screen |
ALT-F9 | Compile/Compile Compiles active program |
ALT-Spacebar | menu Goes to System menu |
ALT-C | Compile menu Goes to Compile menu |
ALT-D | Debug menu Goes to Debug menu |
ALT-E | Edit menu Goes to Edit menu |
ALT-F | File menu Goes to File menu |
ALT-H | Help menu Goes to Help menu |
ALT-O | Options menu Goes to Options menu |
ALT-R | Run menu Goes to Run menu |
ALT-S | Search menu Goes to Search menu |
ALT-W | menu Window Goes to Window menu |
ALT-X | menu File/Exit Exits Turbo Pascal to DOS |
CTRL-F1 | Help/Topic search Gives language-specific help while in editor |
CTRL-F2 | Run/Program reset Resets running program |
CTRL-F7 | Debug/Add watch Adds a watch expression |
CTRL-F8 | Debug/Toggle breakpoint Clears or sets conditional breakpoint |
CTRL-F9 | Run/Run Executes active program |
TURBO C OPERATIONS
Function | Keystroke |
Movement Commands | |
Character left | Ctrl S or left arrow |
Character right | Ctrl D or right arrow |
Word left | Ctrl A or Ctrl left arrow |
Word right | Ctrl F or Ctrl right arrow |
Line up | Ctrl E or up arrow |
Line down | Ctrl X or down arrow |
Page up | Ctrl R or PgUp |
Page down | Ctrl C or PgDn |
Beginning of line | Ctrl Q/S or Home |
End of line | Ctrl Q/D or End |
Top of window | Ctrl Q/E or Ctrl Home |
Bottom of window | Ctrl Q/X or Ctrl End |
Beginning of program | Ctrl Q/R or Ctrl PgUp |
End of program | Ctrl Q/C or Ctrl PgDn |
Insert and Delete Commands | |
Delete line | Ctrl Y |
Delete block | Ctrl K/Y |
Delete to end of line | Ctrl Q/Y |
Delete character left of cursor | Ctrl H or Backspace |
Delete character under cursor | Ctrl G or Delete |
Insert line | Ctrl N |
Block Commands | |
Copy block to edit file | Ctrl K/C |
Copy block to Clipboard | Edit/Copy or Ctrl lns |
Delete block (not saving to Clipboard) | Edit/Clear or Ctrl Del |
Delete block (saving to Clipboard) | Edit/Cut or Shift Del |
Hide/display block | Ctrl K/H |
Mark block begin | Ctrl K/B |
Mark block end | Ctrl K/K |
Mark single work | Ctrl K/T |
Move block from Clipboard | Edit/Paste or Shift Ins |
Move block to edit file | Ctrl-K/V |
Read block from disk | Ctrl K/R |
Write block to disk | Ctrl K/W |
Miscellaneous | |
Find | Ctrl Q/F or Search/Find |
Find and replace | Ctrl Q/A or Search/Replace |
Invoke main menu | F10 |
Language help | Ctrl F1 |
Open file | F3 or File/Open |
Save file | Ctrl K/S or F2 or File/Save |
PROGRAM SINE ! Prints values of y=sin x for x=0,10,...90 degrees. implicit none real :: scalef, degree, radian, y integer :: i scalef = 3.141593/180.0 print *,'DEGREES SINE FUNCTION' do i = 0,9 degree = i*10.0 radian = scalef*degree y = sin(radian) print 5,degree,y 5 format (' ',F7.1,F12.4) end do stop END PROGRAM SINE
/* Prints values of y=sinx for x=0,10,...90 degrees. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> main() { float scalef, degree, radian, y; int i; scalef = 3.141593/180.0; printf ("DEGREES SINE FUNCTION\n"); for (i=0; i<=9; i=i+1) { degree = i*10.0; radian = scalef*degree; y = sin(radian); printf ("%f7.1%f12.4\n",degree,y); } }
FORTRAN 77 ---> RIGID FORMAT (Improved with FORTRAN 90)
int
same as INTEGER ; float same as REAL
Most expressions are
the same as FORTRAN :
(Where op is an arithmetic operator + - * / %)
BUT THERE ARE DIFFERENCES
CHAR TYPES IN C
1) char in C like CHARACTER*1 in FORTRAN
Form | Meaning |
\0 | null character |
\b | backspace |
\f | form feed (top of page) |
\n | new line |
\r | carriage return |
\t | tab |
\v | vertical tab |
\' | single quote ( ' ) |
\" | double quote ( " ) |
\\ | backslash ( \ ) |
\% | percent sign ( % ) |
2) char(n) in C like
CHARACTER (LEN=n) in FORTRAN
Example #1 :
#include <stdio.h> main( ) { printf("Hello, world\n"); }Example #2 :
#include <stdio.h> main() { printf("The value of PI is about 3.14159 \n"); }or
#include <stdio.h> #define PI 3.14159 main() { printf("The value of PI is %f \n", PI); }
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